Nonetheless, due to the western impact the sense of nationality became stronger and with the reorganization underneath the new Meiji government the focus of loyalties shifted to your state

That is why, based on Hobbes, most people could always remain unsatisfied. Praise goes to fewer people, therefore, eventually society is in the verge of collapse.

Unlike Hobbes, Marx doesn’t think about a state as any summation of social benefits. Marxism emerged within the 40s of XIX century. In those days, there was clearly an exacerbation of social and economic contradictions of capitalism that offered rise to your requirement for developing a new clinical theory. Marx doesn’t observe the union of individuals as an abstract type of the social contract. The (2010) is dependant on really practical reasoning. The scientist examines the industrial relations being a basis associated with existing state. In fact, it offers nothing in connection with driving a car or the requirement to be protected. The masses, which play a important role in the planet history, need not produce a state, however the new communist system, that is the unavoidable and logical results of the contradictions of capitalism therefore the revolutionary solutions. Unlike Hobbes, Marx examines the state much less the most popular good, which will be pursued, but being a relic associated with past, simply because that it’s in line with the class fight, which is really a sign of proletariat oppression. an interesting observation is the truth that Hobbes and Marx equally explore commonwealth. Nonetheless, in the case of Hobbes’ (2014), it really is manifested within the state creation; nonetheless, in the case of Marx – in a revolution therefore the new system establishment.

Hobbes shows that in order to set the total capability, people should appoint someone or perhaps a gathering of people to be their representatives. Every member of society must submit his or her will to your judgment associated with supreme person or government to guide the most popular interests. This means more than the usual consent or consensus. It’s a unity, that is embodied in a single person, as though every individual says that she or he allows the larger governor to provide all of the rights of private management just as once the other users can perform.

Hobbes’ views stand not even close to Marx’s approach. Communist considers some type of agreement which includes existed between a government additionally the bourgeoisie to oppress the working class. Contrary to Hobbes, Marx doesn’t think about the possibility for transferring the highest power to a single ruler. Based on him, the working class must get to be the supreme power itself. In the one hand, these arguments echo the positioning of Hobbes.https://123helpme.me/how-to-restate-a-thesis-statement/ On another hand, Marx attributes to your concept (which based on Hobbes proclaims that society is/forms the supreme organ of power), exclusively working class and Communists who protect it.

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The chapter (Marx & Engels, 2010) includes a brief program of transition from the capitalist social formation to the communist state with a violent dictatorship associated with proletariat. Based on Marx, proletariat must utilize its political supremacy to wrest step-by-step all of the capital from the bourgeoisie to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of working class. Therefore, the proletariat is organized once the ruling class, and, possibly, quickly boost the total productive forces. In the beginning, it may be reached only in the shape of despotic inroads in the legal rights of property therefore the bourgeois production relations. Nonetheless, these procedures are unavoidable within the scopes of totally revolutionizing the mode of production.

Hobbes determines the creation of Leviathan once the supreme proficient at the social contract conclusion and conditions associated with highest authority creation. It is an artificial person or a god associated with earth; the supreme power kinds the state’s soul, judges and officials become joints, advisers are memory; laws and regulations mean intellect and can or artificial chain, attached at one end to the sovereign’s mouth while the other – to the subjects’ ears; reward and punishment create the nerves; welfare of citizens may be the power, people’s safety is really a purpose, civil peace means health, distemper cause condition, and civil wars lead to deaths.

the sovereign is absolute: it owns the proper to issue rules, control over their observance, taxes, the appointment of officials and judges; even thought nationals are susceptible to the sovereign – ruler of this state determines which religion or sect holds true and that is perhaps not. Nonetheless, it ought to be noted that Hobbes supported the private property legal rights of citizens and ended up being against violence and deprivation of civil legal rights.

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Marx is promoting a completely different approach. He defends the civil right within the framework of marketing the newest a few ideas and explanations associated with class fight. Contrary to the mystical Leviathan, he considers the very real structure of society. It ought to be underlined that the manifesto doesn’t provide a detail by detail description of means to control a brand new variety of society, however it notes that a revolution should launch it. Marx stresses that after the eradication of capitalist relations, the proletariat dictatorship must be replaced by (Marx & Engels, 2010). The author notes that class distinctions should fade away, and all production should be concentrated in the hands of association of people, therefore, the public power will lose its political character.

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In  The Misery of Silence, the author tells her miserable life in a foreign state. The story is concentrated on young ones of different nationalities, which are unified by the compulsory English language and different American cultural norms, represented by the author in the text. She tells about young ones as well as tries to be soft talking about childhood as is in keeping, besides, Kingston can perhaps not reacall those times and stay calm: that hurt, which she felt during her life in foreign USA being a youngster, separated by her Chinese household and American unifying (oppressive to phrase it differently) culture, continues to be in her heart. The writer can perhaps not forgive those Americans who asked her to repeat when it had been hard to know very well what does she talk about. She still remembers utilizing the thrill in her soul about those instances when Japanese children tortured her in a childish, ruthless manner. Most of these issues were associated with that situation when young ones from different social and ethnic groups were organized in a single school and the ones who can form probably the most powerful group chased and offended others. In this situation, little Chinese girl who could perhaps not efficiently talk to anyone non-Chinese, invented her first mean, which helped her wider the borders of her peers understanding: it had been humor. Humor ended up being the instrument needed seriously to increase Maxine’s popularity in her school: “ I drank out of a doll saucer if the water spilled from the cup, and everybody laughed, pointing at me, therefore I made it happen some more” (Kingston 270). Another spot, where she could feel herself free ended up being Chinese school, where everybody could realize each other and Maxine with her sister “found voice” (Kingston 271). This breath of freedom lasted every single day “from 5:00 to 7:30 PM” (Kingston 271). That is the reason it’s not so much strange that the story in regards to a girl who lived between two worlds is written in really oppressive and gray colors, hidden behind some author’s jokes.

Boyfriends opposites for this depressive story. The writer failed to reside in any immigrant community; she wasn’t tortured by contradictions between traditions and unification.123 writing Susan Toth is really a romantic, soft woman who tells about her life and shows within the story an average girl whose the most crucial wish would be to kiss properly because she actually is already 16 and contains no experience needed.  This topic involves the inner world of every reader because everybody had some experience in this field in the beginning at everybody was 16. Toth’s story is gorgeous: it has many really stunning and picturesque explanations of nature, many names and details ( in such a way, the author becomes closer to a reader, and this method makes an impact of intimacy between them. The story of Toth includes a structure, its logic of narration as well as its light, humorous atmosphere. While Kingston tries to show through her jokes some extent of a lightheartedness, of a some freedom during mentioning her childhood, it really is evidently that those occasions left an eternal stain on her soul. Besides, Toth, whose Boyfriends, as every story in romantic style pretends to be in some extent pensive, meditative, described just happy young adults whose probably the most difficult problem is how exactly to kiss properly. There’s a good exemplory case of Toth’s light, optimistic manner to create prose: “we were all in a vacation mood, lazy and delighted within the warm breezes that swept through the open windows” (185). These stories have many mentioned features that can be opposed; it doesn’t change the fact of 1 important common detail: in Boyfriends is also mentioned the question of misunderstanding between people. The issue is perhaps not associated with any contradictions between native and language. The issue is that individuals just can perhaps not realize each other since the social world with its restrictions and counterbalancing mechanisms makes their life too complicated and uncertain. The writer tells that Peter, her boyfriend, might be even gay, but she could perhaps not learn it because this kind of question can perhaps not be stated directly. You can find other details such of a sort: for instance, when Susan, Peter and their friends danced, she “was obtaining a little bored stiff” and she considered that others are too bored stiff, but everybody danced based on the social norms, which failed to allow you to leave the dances to be able to let others still dance. Within the story by Susan Toth, there are two way to take a moment: weapons and vehicles. Both of these types of things were probably the most precious for the boyfriends of girls described indirectly in the story. Based on the text, Peter’s gun assisted Susan to arrange the first their dating, when she could perhaps not allow it to be by words. “Cars were our private area, a rolling parlor, the only real spot we could relax and stay ourselves… Driving offered us a feeling of freedom” (Toth 184). Vehicles and weapons, Chinese school and little Maxine’s jokes – these are the symbols associated with inner nonverbal language, which helps visitors to realize each other without unification, without lack of individuality.

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When it comes to figurative language associated with Misery of Silence, the author utilizes many metaphors: for instance, “our cigar containers, in which we had arranged books, brushes, as well as an inkbox neatly” (Kingston 271). She tries in this solution to be playful, but her tone is however too serious. Kingston tries to make her story more persuasive by utilization of such rhetorical instruments as pathos (she attracts readers feeling of pity, this is why either the title, including the phrase “misery”, or multiple memoirs of difficult life of Chinese immigrant in USA) and ethos ( the author shows her difficult life to a reader, plus it provides her right to inform everything she desires about those times). Kingston’s attempts to make the story more readable by humor makes a great deal more oppressive effect because in such a way the author in a paradoxical manner connects ruthless deeds and innocent mind-set of young ones.

As for Boyfriends, the story shows many colors and details that is the reason its figurative language is extremely rich. Toth tries to show exactly what 16-years old girl felt, exactly what did she speak and consider, and for this function she utilizes special words, such as “sweet-sixteen-and-never-been-kissed” (182), or as her statement that she in figurative meaning magicked Peter. By using mentioned details, explanations of nature, many names along with other particular options that come with Toth’s story, she makes an impact of intimacy between your author therefore the reader, so, the story is told in intimate tone. Toth utilizes pathos (she attracts feelings of everyone who had been 16 and who kissed at the very first time), ethos (it really is her memoir and she ended up being the primary character once the story happened in actual life) and humor (she shows these “sorrows” of a young girl in ironical manner and in this kind of means she attracts the initial steps of readers in neuro-scientific romantic relations).

Both of these stories, once the analysis shows, are particularly different, but additionally they’ve many common things. Both stories tell concerning the first steps of a girl in a few symbolical system (language of People in america or language of love) where she could perhaps not feel herself free and tried to locate some place in order to save lots of her individuality. The details of differences between both of these stories is primarily dependant on those conditions, where the authors lived: Susan Toth lived in her native England that is why her prose is calm, stunning and delighted. Maxine Kingston lived in USA, within the group of A chinese immigrant. It is the reasons why her prose is colored in gray tones. Besides, both stories tell about this kind of situation, once the main character appears in some new situation and will perhaps not resolve the issues she got from this. There was just one means: to locate some spot (in figurative meaning), that may protect the individuality from changeable world and from social, cultural along with other types of oppression. In such a way, two other texts are united by the symbolical leitmotiv associated with connection between freedom and understanding.

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There are two key values that are observed in the political culture of both Japan and China. These values add a strong tradition of group cohesiveness and a national goal which drove these countries’ leaders to reorganize their states to catch up with the western capabilities (Jung, 2002).The traditional value system in Japanese society before the Meiji Restoration is really a detail by detail explanation. Western traditions of both Judeo- Christian and Islamic base its value orientation in the belief in a transcendent God. On the other hand, in both Chinese and Japanese societies transcendental values are lacking. To phrase it differently, values are based upon and fused utilizing the worldly order. These values are principally dedicated to the maintenance and furtherance associated with group (Jung, 2002). Nonetheless, even though these countries share Confucian tradition, there’s a difference between them.

Although a transcendental value is lacking in China, some universalistic a few ideas such as that of heaven plainly exist. It’s  emphasized, that after the mandate of heaven changed, the government lost its legitimacy resulting in a revolution (Jung, 2002). In effect, this idea ended up being used , to justify the change of dynasty after it had happened. Nonetheless, the truth is that there was clearly ethical and cultural provision for justification. On the other hand, the concept of a big change within the mandate of heaven doesn’t exist in Japan. When the Confucian classics were introduced in Japan, this idea ended up being carefully avoided. The Japanese imperial rule had no other supply of legitimacy compared to belief it had existed from the beginning of this history (Lu, 2004). In this sense, the Chinese conventional value system ended up being more universalistic while the Japanese one was more particularistic, although they both existed in the same group of immanent value orientation.

Further, although group cohesiveness ended up being exactly the same after the Meiji Restoration, how big the group changed. Underneath the Tokugawa shogunate the han (fief) ended up being the major focus of loyalties (Lu, 2004). Nonetheless, due to the western impact the sense of nationality became stronger and with the reorganization underneath the new Meiji government the focus of loyalties shifted to your state.  In addition, there had recently been some possibility of a national consciousness before the restoration. Underneath the Tokugawa regime there have been a system of communication and transportation through the nation, there had been a vague sense of national identity (Jung, 2002). On the other hand, after the civil strife connected utilizing the restoration, it took a while to determine more solid and politically effective sense of national identity.

One contributory factor among conventional elements in establishing national identity ended up being mobilized to generate the family-state idea. The Japanese traditions of ancestor’s worship and subordination of branch families to your main household were integrated to produce loyalty on a national scale. The imperial household ended up being viewed as a extended household. The emperor occupied the positioning associated with patriarch within the common main household (Charlton, 2004).  In addition a strong impetus for the establishment associated with nation’s loyalty appeared after the Meiji Restoration. It was an objective formulated underneath the impact associated with western powers’ cannons which had compelled Japan to open its doors to your world. It ought to be emphasized that Japan commenced rapidly on its political culture according to a diverse national consensus. Commonly, it might be easier to cope with a national goal as a matter of policy instead of value. Nonetheless, it’s a different instance with Japan, because of the immanent nature of value orientation additionally the strong tradition to keep up the cohesiveness in the group; when the national goal is determined, it becomes internalized in popular head to create part of value itself (Jung, 2002). Because the goal to gear towards and match utilizing the western capabilities ended up being considered imperative for maintenance of national independency, this goal occupied the major devote the national value system. Furthermore the possible lack of transcendental religion in Japan proved advantageous here. There was clearly no requirement for secularization before the introduction of western institution and a few ideas.  On the other hand, compared to China where transcendental religion also lacked, Japan proved more flexible in accepting western a few ideas. In China, partly due to the Confucian and self-image once the central empire (chung kuo), it proved more challenging to simply accept western a few ideas.

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Speaking of Confucian ethics, the difference between the two countries is related to distinction in flexibility.  In the one hand, the Chinese bureaucrats were literati who passed the difficult civil service examination in the Confucian classics (Zhou, 2013). On the other hand, the Tokugawa bureaucrats who have been originally samurai (warriors), assumed both civil and armed forces duty. Also, whereas in China the authority over armed forces issues were primarily in the hands associated with autonomous warlords,  the Tokugawa warriors were pragmatic and placed great importance on the capability to cope with any contingency. Despite their comparatively low hierarchical position under feudalism, the samurai possessed practical administrative skills therefore the power to cope with the exterior world (Zhou, 2013). Majority of them traded with Dutch traders and became increasingly influential. When the seclusion policy ended up being abolished and that of westernization ended up being officially decided upon, these people were able to lay the groundwork for fast development.

Social Darwinism as one of numerous western tips crucial within the context begun to spread rapidly in Japan from the 1880s. This concept played different roles in Japan and China. The concept became popular in China when Yen Fu among others introduced the idea. Its popularity lasted considerably longer than in Japan (Jung, 2002). It had been considered once the country rapidly joined the ranks associated with powerful within the international arena.  Chinese intellectuals who espoused this idea could perhaps not think about the weakness associated with Chinese position in the planet (Zhou, 2013). They argued that open competition for survival was a process that denied the weakness.

The Meiji incorporated the villages included in prefectures to be able to establish the centralized government. It explains why the Meiji leaders had established something of municipality even before they formed the national parliament (Zhou, 2013). They desired to mitigate the escalating conflict between the federal government additionally the infant political parties emphasizing the conformity which existed in village life. Meiji leaders developed a bureaucratic structure of government that was based on the rural communities. It was a new element introduced into Japan by the West. Although, a semi centralized kind of government had already existed within the Tokugawa period, the samurai wholly had the administrative capabilities (Zhou, 2013). When bureaucratic organization ended up being brought from the West with the western legal system, the Meiji leaders wanted to recruit personnel considering abilities instead of family history. As a result, an examination for civil officials ended up being introduced in 1887. To the contrary, in China the old variety of examination system ended up being in line with the power to memorize Confucian classics. It therefore ended up being more challenging to introduce western kinds of bureaucratic organization in China than in Japan. In both countries, a bureaucratic variety of organization means a public or private organization established for a particular goal. It is composed of members recruited because of their accomplishment instead of ascription and obedience to a group of rules according to functional division of labor (Pekkanen & Tsai, 2006). Civil and armed forces bureaucracies and business companies along with other indispensable aspects of modern society participate in this category. However, the introduction of such companies isn’t peculiar to Japan. The accurate relationship between the standard element therefore the new social stricture is essential.  This relationship is much more dominant and continuous in Japan than in China. For example, in Japan the household therefore the rural community were the fundamental units of social companies. To phrase it differently, the household and community, although not the central government, played a centripetal role (Pekkanen & Tsai, 2006). To the contrary, in China, their function ended up being centrifugal. There was clearly a wider gulf between household, community and central government in China than in Japan. Also, in terms of shared Confucian ethics, in China filial piety was handed priority over loyalty to your state or emperor while in Japan the problem ended up being the alternative.  This distinction might be related to various elements. The first one is the degree to that the central power penetrated right down to the grass-root level.

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Traditionally, the power of central government wasn’t experienced in daily life of ordinary Chinese people. The administrators had no real connection with individuals in the community other than through the taxes collection (Charlton, 2004). In comparison, in Japan the connection between your neighborhood rulers and peasants ended up being very close even with mental attachment. It was partly as a result of little size associated with country and better communication and transportation companies. The connection lasted uninterrupted for a number of centuries. Nonetheless, at the time of restoration the old han was abolished and replaced by the prefecture, an administrative device headed by the governor appointed by the central government (Charlton, 2004). This way, even though personal ties between the feudal lord and the rural community were eliminated, the han’s status remained. The leaders associated with newly established government tried to link the central government utilizing the traditional village so the sense of unity and conformity might be extended to your national level. We were holding measures to prevent conflict between neighborhood units. In addition, there were democratic values, an overwhelming majority of them favored the democratic elections of public officials at neighborhood levels.  Therefore, it might be erroneous to express that Chinese peasants were always conservative with regard to democratic culture and introduced themselves as an anti-democratic force in China (Zhong, 2013).. It really is worth mentioning that the amount of core democratic values support was high. Also, policies and policy performance mattered in producing popular support and to ensure the political systems remained legitimate. And so, the Chinese government had to enhance its policy performance to achieve support from the Chinese populace. Chinese village officials were most instrumental in implementing government policies and maintaining stability in rural China. (Zhong, 2013). There was clearly a high level of congruence between village cadres and ordinary villagers in regards to the core democratic values and civil liberties. These people were particularly supportive of democratic elections. Towards the finish of Meiji period, it had been argued that utilizing the stimulus of century of development dominated for a very long time in Japan. Therefore, it had been essential for Japan to speed the development at a particular level so as to not suffer exhaustion (Zachmann, 2010).  Using this idea, Japan’s accelerated progress offered an unquestionable advantage in international competition particularly over China.   To phrase it differently, Japan reacted to foreign stimulation much sooner than China. China and Japan differ in lots of ways, however the relevance to Confucianism is sensed even now despite revolution and economic development. The knowledge with imperialism is another common theme (Zachmann, 2010). The effects of World War II were also significant in both countries. There are two distinctive options that come with 20th century East Asia. One is Japans’ rapid ascendancy and pivotal role in the location. Its preeminence produced considerable curiosity about its ways to economic development. On the other hand, China’s revolutionary period is receding to the past (Zachmann, 2010). World War II caused revolution in China and crushing defeat in Japan.  Nonetheless, Japan rose quickly and inside a generation, it challenges the West on its own terms.

In China, Confucius favored government in the hands of virtuous and trained ministers opted for for his or her merits. Confucianism’s rationale for organizing society began utilizing the cosmic order and its hierarchy of superior-inferior relationship (Hayes, 2012). Parents were better than young ones, males to ladies and rulers to any or all subjects; each individual therefore had a role to do collectively as defined by convention, therefore establishing the fixed set of social expectation. These expectations were defined by the authority, which guided individual conduct along lines of proper ceremonial behavior (Hayes, 2012). Functioning on the contrary would bring disorder and discredit. This might mean to be disesteemed by the group and result in subsequent disastrous loss in self-esteem for which the only remedy ended up being suicide.

Contrary to the western Christian notion according to that the mankind ended up being corruptible, Confucius held to your principle that man ended up being perfectible. The notion that males are qualitatively different at birth ended up being replaced by the concept that males are naturally good and have now an innate moral sense (Hoyt, 2006). In addition males could be led through the right path getting education and self-motivation. This ancient Chinese focus on the moral educability of a person has persisted to the current and still inspires the federal government to advertise moral education. Another facet of Confucius is really a code of behavior that stresses the idea of proper conduct based on social status (li).There existed an elite made up model of an excellent and noble man led by li (Hayes, 2012). The code was less relevant to common people whose conduct was to be controlled by reward and punishment versus by moral maxims. The code ended up being required for the elite, who have been accountable for the management of public affairs. Confucius emphasized right conduct associated with ruler and those subordinate to him (Hoyt, 2006). To conduct oneself based on the rules of li in itself offered one a moral status or prestige which in turn offered influence over people. Japan and China are extremely different when it comes to political culture. As the former is definitely an advanced level country by having an open democratic capitalist regime, the latter is really a newly industrialized developing country having a party-dominant authoritarian regime (Yoshimatsu, 2014). Despite such differences, the two states have significant similarities within the history of statism. The real history of statism in both countries provides state policymakers with fairly high freedom to extract and direct national resources for foreign policy goals. Nonetheless, political legitimacy acts as a typical factor that determines the preferences of policy makers. In cases like this, the present government has got the legitimacy to govern the citizens (Yoshimatsu, 2014). Second, the present government depends in the perception associated with public that it’s legitimate. Consequently, the ruling class needs to meet up with demands and expectations associated with public thereby convincing them that the present government has got the legality to exercise and keep maintaining power. The maintenance of political legitimacy is normally a critical issue for policymakers in a democratic political regime in both countries. It offers intensively competitive party systems and strong social inputs from influential societal groups (Yoshimatsu, 2014). Even in the one-party dominant political system, policy makers are required to look closely at the demands associated with citizens. The reason being positive responses to such demands guarantee continuous support and consolidate the political foundation for the ruling group. Once the state has increased economic and social interdependence, international factors are more likely to influence the public’s economic and social well-being (Yoshimatsu, 2014). The ruling group is required to think about the impact that an external policy has in the domestic society. For instance, a trade policy to open national borders to services and products can either benefit or ruin domestic industries. Political leaders with weak support from political and social groups are forced to consider external policies that sometimes pose a risk to domestic resources.

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Additionally, a close check the two countries implies that such leaders are not supported by the citizens in pursuing external policies.  To the contrary, they seek to make use of external policies and relations as a way to improve the legitimacy associated with regime (Yoshimatsu, 2014). In addition, the preferences of political legitimacy occur at two levels. At the governmental level, the federal government wholly seeks to keep up political legitimacy in formulating its external policy. It shapes and undertakes external policies therefore the means they’ll impact the domestic society and political support from the people (Yoshimatsu, 2014). Secondly, at the government agency level, individual government agencies act as the administrative organs to worry about national interests in formulating external policies. Conclusively, within the past century the countries in East Asia have experienced more transformation inside their political culture than other countries. This dynamism sometimes appears particularly in China and Japan. In the one hand, the political culture in Japan is basically impacted by western a few ideas whereas in China the efforts are directed to challenge these a few ideas.  China advocates the chance of developing international norms and maxims that might become alternatives to western-oriented ones. The political culture in these countries has some similarities and differences. In Japan, the political culture has adopted the western idea while China accompanied the Confucianism’s maxims.  Secondly, Japan is definitely an advanced level country with capitalist regime but China is really a newly industrialized country having a party-dominant authoritarian regime. Nonetheless, these countries share the real history of statism. Secondly, the existing government is determined by the public’s perception on its legitimacy.

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The essays “2 Mob Victims Ready to Die for Integration” and “Tear Gas and Hymns”, therefore the book Voices of Freedom are dedicated to the battle for freedom. Many nations struggled to free by themselves from poor and abusive governance, slavery and oppression. This paper reveals how genre affects the theme in these texts therefore the monumental level of interviews of the various people is articulated.